Making a Cultural Connection

Dr Hann Tzuu Joey Tan is the author of The Beasts, the Graves, and the Ghosts: A Study of Contextualized Preaching during Chinese Festivals. In this article by Kay Carter (first made available by Tyndale House in their Ink magazine), Tan addresses the importance of connecting with culture when sharing the gospel.

The Chinese Cultural Context

Becoming a Christian when nobody else in your family is a Christian can be difficult whatever your culture, but for Chinese believers there is an additional hurdle.

Chinese communities have a strong tradition of ancestor worship, under which the living are responsible for caring for their relatives after death. Parents whose children become Christians often worry that their son or daughter who no longer accepts their beliefs won’t look after them in the afterlife.

If families of Christian converts are to embrace the change in their loved one, Chinese pastors and evangelists need to be equipped to handle this issue with sensitivity.

Dr Hann Tzuu Joey Tan is a Langham Scholar and Director of the Research Centre at Malaysia Bible Seminary. In May, he published The Beasts, the Graves, and the Ghosts: A Study of Contextualized Preaching during Chinese Festivals. The fruit of a seven-year research project, the book addresses how those preaching in Chinese contexts can draw on the beliefs behind Chinese festivals to illustrate Christian faith in a way that will resonate with their congregations.

Chinese by birth, Tan grew up in Malaysia and now teaches full-time at the Malaysia Bible Seminary. Each year, he visits Tyndale House in Cambridge for a time of concentrated research. “I come to write my theological reflections, because I can find almost any book I want.” Even when he returns home, he is still able to use resources from the library through the Tyndale House scanning service, which supports overseas scholars by providing access to materials in the collection.

“I am always thinking about how I can apply my research to help me and others become better preachers.”

He also pastors a church of Chinese believers and is passionate about using his research to equip church leaders. “I am always thinking about how I can apply my research to help me and others become better preachers.”

For this project, he interviewed six Bible teachers whom he considered to be the best at using Chinese festivals to talk about Christian faith. “I wanted to learn from their experience and understand what they think is the most effective way to preach during these festivals.”

The Example of Chinese New Year

The central festival in the Chinese calendar is Spring Festival, or Chinese New Year. “Spring Festival has a similar status to Christmas in the UK; it’s the biggest festival and the most important one.”

Celebrations revolve around a family feast. “You can be away from your family all year round, but for Chinese New Year’s Eve you have to come back and have a big family dinner. The dinner is an expression of harmony. Families come together to emphasize harmony, and they worship gods and goddesses so that they are also in harmony with the spiritual realm.”

“This provides a good way to introduce the idea of Christian peace, or shalom. Shalom is very close to the Chinese concept of harmony. It isn’t just about personal relationships, it’s about your relationship with everything in the world. Similarly, the biblical idea of shalom is about our relationship with God, the universe and everything. So this is an effective way of helping Chinese people think about the peace God offers.”

The Challenge of the Hungry Ghost Festival

Nevertheless, using the Chinese festivals as a bridge to understanding Christian faith is a delicate balance.

“As evangelists we want to communicate the gospel in ways that people understand, while being absolutely faithful to the Bible’s teaching about God, people and sin.”

“The job of the Christian preacher is to confront beliefs as well as connect with them,” says Tan. “The Chinese preachers I interviewed all affirmed some aspects of Chinese culture. For example, they agreed the virtue of filial piety (honouring parents and elders) is compatible with biblical teaching. They also agree that the concept of renewal of life during the Chinese New Year is a helpful contact point for preaching.”

“However, there are some beliefs and practices that preachers wouldn’t use, for example those that involve idol worship or the practice of fortune-telling.”

Another of the major Chinese festivals is called the Hungry Ghost Festival, when the ghosts of the dead are believed to return to Earth in search of food. “The preachers I spoke to all insisted that this festival should be discarded by Christian evangelists,” says Tan, “to be clear that the Bible rejects the idea that the souls of the dead can continue to communicate with the living.

“This approach seems compatible with Paul’s preaching to the Athenians (Acts 17:16–32), where Paul affirmed beliefs that were in harmony with biblical truth while confronting worldviews that weren’t. As evangelists we want to communicate the gospel in ways that people understand, while being absolutely faithful to the Bible’s teaching about God, people, and sin.”

“Some neutral cultural norms are biblically permissible, but some must be rejected if they carry functions and meanings that are against the Bible.”

The idea that souls in the afterlife have the same need for food as the living, but no way of finding it, is a common one in Chinese culture. The Hungry Ghost Festival is based on a belief that, for one month a year, the dead are can leave hell and return to the earth to be fed by the living.

“Chinese people worship the Hungry Ghost in the hope that after they die someone will take care of them too. Families have feasts where they put out a lot of food and set places for the Hungry Ghosts. They have entertainment for the Hungry Ghosts, they play music and stage dramas and leave the first row of seats empty because they’re reserved for the Hungry Ghosts.”

If you are convinced you will be dependent on your children for food in the afterlife, then their rejection of traditional beliefs can be frightening.

“When a Chinese person accepts Christ the first question their families want to ask is about worshiping ancestors,” says Tan. “Can they continue to do that? Will they still love their parents or will church be all that matters to them?”

“In China, ignoring filial piety is one of the biggest sins, so we need to help Chinese people understand that filial piety is also a teaching of the Bible. The Bible encourages us to love and honour our parents. The difference is that in Chinese belief you end up putting your parents in God’s position, whereas Christians have to honour God first.”

“We need to reassure people that there is no conflict between being a Christian and honouring your mother and father, but that we’re not dependent on our relatives for what happens to us after death.”

Dr Joey Tan shares his inspirational testimony

Coming to Know the Heavenly Father

For Tan personally, these are much more than just academic discussions. “When my mum found out I’d become a Christian she was so angry. The first question she asked was, does this mean that after I die you’re not going to send any food to me?”

Accepting the Christian faith complicated an already delicate situation. “I grew up in a single-parent family. My father was a gangster and my mother was a casino owner. They had an affair and then they had me. I never knew I had a father until the age of 10 because by the time I was born the affair had ended.”

With a fairly chaotic home life, Tan confesses: “I always skipped school as a child; I never liked to study. In the end I was almost expelled from school because I was absent so much, but one teacher got the school to give me a second chance and encouraged me to go to college. I told her I didn’t like schoolwork, so she asked me what I did like to do. I said, I only like to watch TV. She told me that was fine because there are courses you can study in mass communications, so that’s what I did.”

During his time as an undergraduate Tan started to ask questions about who created the universe and whether God existed. He eventually prayed that God, whoever he was, would reveal himself, and a few days later he unexpectedly found a Bible in his room.

It turned out that his girlfriend (now his wife) had been given the Bible in the street and, seeing no use for it, had left it in Tan’s room.

“Our culture should never be a barrier to hearing the gospel.”

“I started reading that Bible and one day I read Matthew 6, which said that I have a heavenly father to care for me. I was so touched because in one sense I had always looked for a father. I thought it was so good to have a father in heaven, I made the decision to accept Christ.” Shortly afterwards, his girlfriend became a Christian too. 

Despite going on to become a Bible scholar, Tan has never lost his childhood fascination with television. He now hosts a show about Christianity that is produced in Hong Kong and reaches thousands of young people there and in the region. The title, roughly translated, is Smart Christian, and Tan has two roles. “I play a crazy guy who asks crazy questions about Christianity, and I also play a professor who has to try to answer them.”

“Our culture should never be a barrier to hearing the gospel,” he says, “whether that’s our youth culture, or the national culture we were born into. The message of the Bible is for everyone, whenever and wherever they are born. If Bible scholarship really is going to help us become better Church leaders, then we need to take seriously this whole idea of confronting culture but also connecting with it.”

Get your copy of The Beasts, the Graves, and the Ghosts today.